Reading results

A guide to your analysis results

Find guidance for the table you are reading: measurement quality, uncertainty, prediction, fsQCA solutions or NCA bottlenecks.

Results & interpretation · Interpretation

Interpret a result

Identify the quantity you estimated, read its uncertainty in the correct units and decide what the study supports. Use a regression example to practise interpretation and investigate documented data errors.

Results & interpretation · Interpretation

Confidence intervals and bootstrapping

Read the estimate and its interval together. Learn what bootstrapping does, how to check failed samples and how to explain an uncertain finding in your paper.

Measurement & validity · Interpretation

Check your measures

Understand loadings, reliability, AVE and HTMT. Start with what your questions are meant to measure, then use the results to investigate weak items or overlapping concepts.

Prediction & model choice · Interpretation

Model fit and prediction

R-square, fit measures and prediction errors answer different questions. Learn which result to use and how to compare models fairly when performance is weak.

Configurations · Interpretation

fsQCA consistency and coverage

Understand what a pathway means, how consistently it relates to the outcome and how much of the outcome it covers. Follow the result back to its cases before drawing a conclusion.

Necessity · Interpretation

NCA plots and bottlenecks

Use the checked innovation example to read a target at 80% of the observed performance range under CE-FDH and CR-FDH. Distinguish a minimum requirement from a guarantee, and report the ranges and units.

Looking for an example from published research? Browse the paper tutorials.